【专家解疑答惑】第八期首创爱华运营总监刘智晓解答活性污泥工艺运行调控问题

AQUAINTER

我说我跟Mogens Henze教授，丹麦技术大学环境科学与工程系系主任，国际水质协会(IAWQ)丹麦委员会主席，IAWQ活性污泥数学模型专家组主席，IAWQ编委会主席，《water research》主编沟通了。他说怎样怎样...............................有意义吗？

什么叫科学？就是拿出大家有据可查的资料或者数据。举证！！
都听某某专家说，再不就自己说。能不能弄点资料传上来，有据可查的，大家看看。这样凭口说，缺乏说服力啊。

James Bond

可是总有那么一拨人，容不得别人说不同的意见，一说个反对意见，就动辄技术流氓的帽子口上来了，这简直是一种学霸的作风，这不是在搞一言堂吗？

annienikki

原帖由 AQUAINTER 于 2011-3-30 12:58 发表
我说我跟Mogens Henze教授，丹麦技术大学环境科学与工程系系主任，国际水质协会(IAWQ)丹麦委员会主席，IAWQ活性污泥数学模型专家组主席，IAWQ编委会主席，《water research》主编沟通了。他说怎样怎样.............. ...

请看John Bratby 写的“Coagulation and flocculation in water and wastewater". 第136页到149页。 有很多的数据与图表和案例来解释这个问题。

annienikki

原帖由 AQUAINTER 于 2011-3-30 12:58 发表
我说我跟Mogens Henze教授，丹麦技术大学环境科学与工程系系主任，国际水质协会(IAWQ)丹麦委员会主席，IAWQ活性污泥数学模型专家组主席，IAWQ编委会主席，《water research》主编沟通了。他说怎样怎样.............. ...

对于氯离子的影响请看这篇文章“Effect of chloride on biological nutrient removal"和Impact of Increased Chloride Concentration on Nitrifying-Activated Sludge Cultures”

yangguangyi

中国水利水电工程交易中心 www.water-jy.com主要发布水利工程.水电站工程.河道治理工程拟在建信息.招标中标信息.在建项目都有项目名称.项目内容.业主单位联系方式联系人.施工单位公司名称.项目经理名字手机.项目总工名字手机.收录了全国80%以上的水利水电工程.面向全国水利水电建设大市场.提供全方位的资讯服务.专业.详实.独家.可靠.及时.吸引了水利水电行业众多目光.为参与水利水电建设工程的专业人士提供高价值决策信息和无限商机 欢迎您来电咨询 联系人：郭先生 15010576921

均

刘老师您好，我想请问一下，我们单位是最主要处理工业废水，采用的是AO工艺，可最近进水的PH很低，只有4-5.这样造成了我们二沉池表面悬浮着很多黄色絮状物。请问该怎么办

lsh6666

一、一定盐度可以作为短程硝化的抑制剂：
北京大学学报（自然科学版） > 2010年3期 > 含盐生活污水处理中的硝化菌种群优化

为了实现稳定的短程硝化,通过使用NaCl作为一种选择抑制剂(只抑制亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)的生长而不会以抑制氨氧化菌(AOB)的生长)在序批式反应器处理含盐生活污水过程中实现硝化种群的优化.实验考察了不同盐度对AOB和NOB的抑制程度以及对系统硝化性能的影响,选择7.6 g/L的盐度作为种群优化的最佳盐度.长期抑制实验实施4个月后,亚硝酸盐积累稳定在95%以上,短程硝化稳定.利用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测到AOB (Nitrosospira)已经成为硝化菌群的主导菌种,NOB(Nitrobacter) 基本检测不出,证明NOB已经被淘洗出系统,硝化种群得到优化.同时讨论了盐度对NOB的选择抑制机理.

二、盐度可以改变或者影响硝化菌种群结构的变化方面的研究信息（10-18g/L能影响硝化菌的临界浓度）

1、Dynamic response of nitrifying activated sludge batch culture to increased chloride concentration
Water Research (2003)
Volume: 37, Issue: 13, Pages: 3125-3135
Abstract
Dynamic response of nitrifying activated sludge batch cultures to increased chloride concentration was studied in this paper, which focused upon the changes in the specific nitrification rate (SNR) and nitrifier population when the chloride level was gradually or stepwise increased to 30,000 mg Cl L-1. The dominant species of ammonia-oxidizers and nitriteoxidizers in the population were examined by Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique with 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. It was found that neither chloride increasing approaches affected the SNR of the batch cultures before the chloride concentration exceeded 10,000 mg Cl L-1, after which the stepwise increase approach reduced the SNR more significantly than the gradual increase approach. From 10,000 to 18,000 mg Cl L-1 a down-and-up pattern of the SNR variation appeared in both approaches, which was associated with the change in the dominant species of ammonia-oxidizers from non-saline-resistant species such as Nitrosomonas europaea-lineage and Nitrosomonas eutropha to saline-resistant species, such as the Nitrosococcus mobilis-lineage. Nitrobacter was the only dominant species when the chloride concentration was below 10,000 mg Cl L-1, where no nitrite-oxidizers survived. Therefore, the 10,000 mg Cl L-1 chloride level is a critical level for the shift of the nitrifier population in the nitrifying activated sludge batch cultures.
________________________________________
2、Impact of Increased Chloride Concentration on Nitrifying-Activated Sludge Cultures

by Guang-Hao Chen, (Assoc. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong. E-mail: ceghchen@ust.hk) and Man-Tak Wong, (MPhil. Student, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Technol., Clear Water Bay Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong)

Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 130, No. 2, February 2004, pp. 116-125, (doi  10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:2(116)

The impact of increased chloride concentration on continuous flow nitrifying-activated sludge cultures is reported in this paper. To examine further the effect of chloride concentration on nitrifying-activated sludge, a nitrifying batch culture with increased chloride concentration was also investigated. The variables tested included the ammonia removal efficiency, the specific nitrification rate (SNR), and the dominant species of the nitrifiers. A continuous culture of nitrifying-activated sludge with a gradual increase in the chloride concentration in the influent was found to perform better than one with a fixed influent chloride concentration. However, a down-and-up variation in the ammonia removal efficiency was observed in this culture after the influent chloride concentration reached 18,200 mg Cl L-1. This trend was confirmed by the response of the SNR of the batch culture when the initial chloride level was increased from 10,000 to 18,200 mg Cl L-1. When the chloride concentration was below 10,000 mg Cl L-1, the dominant species of ammonia-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers in both the batch and continuous cultures were the same. Nitrosomonas europaea-lineage, Nitrosomonas eutropha, Nitrosomonas halophila, and Nitrosococcus mobilis-lineage were the dominant ammonia-oxidizers while Nitrobacter was the dominant nitrite-oxidizer. When chloride concentration was increased toward 18,200 mg Cl L-1, only Nitr osococcus mobilis-lineage survived as the dominant ammonia-oxidizer, while the nitrite-oxidizers disappeared. Thus, 10,000–18,200 mg Cl L-1 chloride concentration was the critical level for the nitrifier population.

lsh6666

再补充一下盐度对活性污泥影响方面的论文，主要是小试或者批次试验。但是没有查到污水厂级别的研究论文。更未见到盐度12-15g/l的沿海污水厂运行实例的报道。或者我没有查到。不过大家都很感兴趣。希望大家补充一下这方面的资料。

1、Long term effects of salt on activity, population structure and floc characteristics in enriched bacterial cultures of nitrifiers

Water Research
Volume 40, Issue 7, April 2006, Pages 1377-1388

Abstract
The effect of salinity on the activity, the composition of nitrifiers and floc characteristics of nitrifying sludge was studied. Non-adapted and adapted (to 10 g NaCl–Cl−/L for one year) enriched cultures of nitrifiers were tested in three sequencing batch reactors. Salt was increased gradually with 5 up to 40 g Cl−/L.

No difference in steady state activity was observed between the adapted and non-adapted sludge. The activities of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers dropped 36% and 11%, respectively, at salt concentrations of 10 g Cl−/L. At 40 g Cl−/L inhibition reached 95% of salt free activity for ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in both adapted and non-adapted reactors. Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter sp. (fluorescent in situ hybridization) were the only nitrifiers present at high salt levels. Increased salt concentrations resulted in better settling characteristics of the nitrifying sludge. After 118 days the sludge was brought back to the initial conditions (0 g Cl−/L for non-adapted and 10 g Cl−/L for adapted). Despite the change in population composition similar kinetics as before the salt stress were observed.

2、盐度变化对SBR中硝化作用的动态影响研究

境工程学报 > 2009年4期 > 盐度变化对SBR中硝化作用的动态影响研究
针对含氨氮废水,研究了逐步提高盐度(以氯离子浓度计)驯化活性污泥过程、淡水活性污泥受到一定盐度冲击过程以及经过30 000 mg Cl/L驯化后的活性污泥在盐度波动时对SBR反应器中亚硝化和硝酸化过程的影响.研究结果表明:在逐步提高盐度驯化的过程中,NH+4-N的降解速率在盐度提高为15 000 mg Cl/L时先降低后升高,当盐度为25 000mg Cl/L时,反应周期末有大量的No-2-N累积,当盐度高达30 000 mg Cl/L时,NH+4-N的降解速率仍然维持在一定水平,这说明硝酸化过程比亚硝化过程更容易受到高盐度的抑制.而在冲击实验中,当淡水活性污泥受到20 000 mg Cl/L盐度冲击时,即使经过长时间的驯化后亚硝化过程仍然受到较大的抑制,且反应周期末有大量NO-2-N累积,当受到30 000 mgCl/L盐度冲击时硝化作用几乎完全被抑制.经过30 000 mg Cl/L驯化后的活性污泥的硝化作用对盐度波动具有较强的适应性。

kungongh82

讨论的很热烈，学习了！
实践出真知，我们的污水厂运行中的许多问题本来在设计过程可以得到改善，但手册规范、电子表格使一些人的思维受到束缚，造成最终运行时改来改去，本来图纸上动动线条的事，唉！

刘智晓

原帖由 cookie 于 2011-3-15 20:01 发表
刘博士，你丰富的经验给我留下了很深的印象。目前我碰到了一个问题，关于A2O工艺中厌氧池大家经常说水解酸化作用，我觉得还不是很严谨，厌氧池和水解酸化池还是有一定区别的。在您遇到的项目中是否使用过水解酸化池， ...

      
      非常抱歉现在才答复您。
      AAO中的厌氧段主要是基于考虑生物除磷过程的厌氧释磷，这期间进水中的、或者回流污泥中水解产生的VFAs在厌氧过程被快速吸收，同时释放P。厌氧释磷越充分，好氧吸收才能越充分，这样才能做到处理过PAOs的“超量吸磷”。效果主要取决于：厌氧段HRT、进水水质特性、内回流NO3-N对碳源的争夺。
      水解池在我们国家往往指工业废水处理工艺的预处理，提高难降解废水的可生化性，因此两者性质完全不同。有联系的生化过程就是在AAO厌氧段存在颗粒性有机物及污泥的水解作用。
     非填料水解池跑泥问题是常常遇到的一个运行问题，主要问题在于跑泥的数量，不能“产不敷出”，否则就要分析是设计的问题还是运行问题，但往往是设计存在一些不足导致的可能性较大。设计布水均匀性与否、出水区挡泥板的设计及出水堰口负荷、上升流速等都是影响出水是否“带泥”的因素。需要您结合实践综合考量。
      如果有必要或者可行性，最好采用水解污泥的回流，也就是说最好设计一个中间沉淀池，类似于AB工艺的做法。这样使得水解池污泥和后续好氧池两种性质的污泥分离开，我的经验是污泥“分离式”的效果要比好氧池污泥回流“补充”到水解池的“一体式”的效果上要好，运行要稳定。或者考虑增设填料，这需要技术论证和水头计算是否满足等。我看到一些厂的水解池填料挂膜不是很好，因此填料形式的选择也是很关键的。
     我们达旗污水厂的水解池采用多点布水，升流流态，运行效果不错。
     以上意见供参考。

[ 本帖最后由 exp_liuzhixiao 于 2011-4-4 09:16 编辑 ]

杰佬

太可恶了，在这卖广告。

绿茵陈

已经清理，谢谢小宇

绿茵陈

已经清理，谢谢小宇

绿茵陈

已经清理，谢谢小宇

刘智晓

最近忙，因此昨天抽出时间集中阅读了各位朋友对絮凝剂抑制作用的不同见解。意见有持反对意见的。讨论热烈，出乎意料。我想，每个人的研究方向和工作经历不同，因此对某些问题存在争议是正常的。虽然化学除磷使用经历已经有年头，但是也是最近10年才引起一些研究者和运行人员的重视。
  我本人的意见在我第一个关于絮凝剂投加对活性污泥有潜在抑制作用的表述里，已经进行了简单表述。就是对于同步投加情况，混合液中絮凝剂投加到一定量才会抑制活性污泥活性，至于抑制过程和作用机理是另当别论。此外，至于投加到多少才能产生抑制作用，每个厂的工艺及水质情况不同，因此不能一概而论。有些厂可能从未达到这个投加浓度，但是我们知道也有些厂，投加量不低，接近甚至达到抑制阈值范围。
  我这里有一篇10年前的文章，对于化学除磷的优势和缺欠进行了论述。有些观点大家可以参考。文章题目：
The use of simultaneous chemical precipitation in modified activated sludge systems exhibiting biological excess phosphate removal. Part 1: Literature review
摘录论文部分内容：“
Advantages and disadvantages of simultaneous precipitation Advantages

There is demand from treatment plant managers for a simple and flexible technology that combines nitrification, denitrification, andsimultaneous phosphate precipitation (D’Elia and Isolati, 1992). Wiechers (1987) pointed out that simultaneous phosphate precipitation offers the following advantages:
• Ease of operation (flow proportional dosing not necessary dueto the retention of precipitate in the biomass, and continuous recycling from the secondary clarifiers back into the process).
• Flexibility to changing conditions (e.g. in reponse to influent characteristics and final effluent phosphate concentrations).
• Low capital costs, not requiring tertiary solids separation facilities, as with post-precipitation.
• Relatively small additional solids production.
• Improvements in sludge settleability and dewaterability.
• Low effluent phosphate levels are possible, and improved COD and suspended solids removal give a higher quality final effluent.
• Chemicals can assist in controlling activated sludge bulking and foaming.

Disadvantages


There may be certain disadvantages associated with chemical precipitation, and simultaneous precipitation in particular. These include the following:
• Increased dissolved solids (salinity) load on the receiving water, mainly in the form of either chloride or sulphate.
• Increased sludge production: For example, from a survey of fifteen conventional activated sludge plants (probably high rate, or short sludge age plants) in Canada, Schmidtke (1985) reported an average increase in sludge production as a result of chemical dosing of 26% on a mass basis and 35% on a volume basis. There appears to be a paucity of similar data for BNR plants (which usually operated at intermediate to long sludge
ages) but an increase in sludge production in proportion to chemical dose may also be expected for such plants.
• Inhibitory effects on the biological process: Direct toxicity to the biological reactions at typical metal salt doses for normal domestic/mixed domestic-industrial wastewaters has not been reported at pH values close to neutral (Arvin, 1985). The most likely negative effect of chemical addition is pH depression, with nitrification processes being particularly pH-sensitive (Bliss et al., 1994). Most metal salt solutions are acidic with a free acid content as high as 1% m/m for some ferric chloride solutions (Reynolds, 1996). Furthermore, the chemical reactions
of hydroxide formation and precipitation consume alkalinity (Loewenthal et al., 1986).
• Need for pH and alkalinity correction: The loss of alkalinity due to chemical dosing may necessitate alkalinity supplementation in areas with low alkalinity wastewater. Lime addition is most often used for this purpose. Minimum residual total alkalinity in the treated effluent of around 75 mg/l as CaCO3 has proved suitable for sustaining nitrification (Bliss et al., 1994). WRC (1984) recommended a minimum alkalinity in the region
of 40 to 50 mg/l as CaCO3 to keep the pH of the system above 7.0. and minimise corrosion of concrete structures.
• Effluent turbidity: Simultaneous precipitation has been reported to produce turbid effluents in some cases (Wuhrmann,1968; Barth and Ettinger, 1967; Eberhardt and Nesbitt, 1968). This may be due to inhibition of protozoa (scavengers for free bacteria in activated sludge) or pH effects where chemical addition depressed the reactor pH to the range 5.5. to 6.5 in some cases.
• Inhibition of biological P removal: Evidence has emerged that simultaneous dosing of metal salts into BNR activated sludge plants exhibiting BEPR results in partial inhibition of the BEPR mechanism. This evidence is reviewed in the next section."
下面还有投加絮凝剂对生物除磷过程抑制作用的论述，不再摘录。

以上观点仅供我们借鉴。